To prevent STDs, first understand the four major hazards of STDs

　　one, sexually transmitted diseases The four major pollution hazards

　　Syphilis, gonorrhea, non-gonococcal urethritis, and genital warts are the four sexually transmitted diseases with high incidence rates in my country. disease , accounting for more than 95% of all cases, are the four major public hazards of sexually transmitted diseases. It is particularly pointed out that in the past ten years, the number of syphilis cases has increased significantly in our country. In recent years, it has been increasing at an annual rate of almost 30% to 50%. So what are the symptoms of these diseases, how are they spread, and how can we prevent them?

　　1. The fastest-growing sexually transmitted disease—gonorrhea

　　Gonorrhea is a purulent infection of the genitourinary system caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram-negative diplococcus that is suitable for growth in warm, humid conditions of 35 to 36°C and containing 5% to 7% carbon dioxide. Therefore, the urethra, vagina and other parts of the genitourinary system are ideal habitats for gonococci and are very suitable for growth and reproduction. However, Neisseria gonorrhoeae has very poor viability outside the body. It can only survive for 1 to 2 hours in a completely dry environment and 1 to 2 days at room temperature. Neisseria gonorrhoeae attached to the pus in the patient's underwear can survive for 18 to 24 hours. Boiling and exposure to the hot sun can completely achieve the purpose of disinfection and sterilization. General disinfectants can also completely kill gonococci.

　　Infect: Gonorrhea is mainly spread through sexual intercourse. Have one-time sexual intercourse with a gonorrhea patient or carrier, male There is more than 20% chance of contracting gonorrhea. female There is a 90% chance of being infected. Since women's genitals are more hidden than men's, and the warm and humid environment is more suitable for the growth and reproduction of viruses, I often say that girls must learn to protect themselves.

　　symptom: Gonorrhea is more common in sexually active young men and women. Once infected, symptoms will appear in 2 to 5 days. For men, it initially manifests as redness and swelling of the urethral orifice, with thin mucus or mucopurulent secretions, which soon becomes yellow and thick, forming a "living phenomenon", including urgent urination, frequent urination, and painful urination. In women, urethritis may occur, but it is not as severe as in men. The main symptoms are: Uterus Endocervicitis, cervix is ​​red, swollen, tender, purulent discharge from the cervix, increased leucorrhea, and lower abdominal discomfort and pain. Since the symptoms are not as obvious as those of urethritis, they are often mistaken for ordinary Gynecology Sick, don't go for check-up and treatment. If allowed to develop, it will cause pelvic inflammatory disease , some can cause female infertility.

　　prevention: Towels, bedding, underwear, especially wet clothes or towels contaminated by pus from gonorrhea patients. Because gonorrhea can survive for about 24 hours, it is possible to become infected after contact. In the same household, basins and towels used for washing the lower body should be separated from each other. People with gonorrhea wash their hands before and after going to the toilet. Pregnant women suffering from gonorrhea can cause neonatal infection if not treated in time.

　　2. Hidden sexually transmitted diseases - non-gonococcal urethritis

　　The most common pathogen is chlamydia, which proliferates in urothelial cells or cervical epithelial cells, causing urethritis or urethritis. Cervicitis symptoms.

　　symptom: It mainly occurs in young men and women during the sexually active period. In outpatient clinics, men are the majority. It has two characteristics: first, the onset is slow and the inflammation is mild. Symptoms will not appear until an incubation period of 1 to 3 weeks after infection. The symptoms are milder than those of gonorrhea. In men, symptoms include a tingling or burning sensation in the urethra, mild urgency and pain during urination, and some redness, swelling, and thin discharge from the urethral opening. About 1/3 of patients have no obvious symptoms or even no symptoms. In addition to urethritis, women are more likely to have cervicitis, which is mainly manifested by increased leucorrhea, lower abdominal discomfort, and sometimes Itching of the vulva , the cervix is ​​red and swollen to varying degrees. It should be pointed out that most people have no obvious or asymptomatic symptoms and think it is a general gynecological disease without treatment. Therefore, when you have unclean sex, your body will be abnormal and you should treat it in time.

　　3. Sexually transmitted diseases that are easy to relapse - genital warts

　　The pathogen is human papillomavirus (HPV), which widely exists in nature, with more than 100 subtypes currently known. According to the degree of harm to the human body, it can be simply divided into two types: low-risk type and high-risk type. In addition, it should be noted that persistent high-risk HPV virus infection is the cause of cervical cancer Necessary conditions, such as type 16, type 18, type 52, type 58, type 68, etc.

　　Route of infection: Mainly spread through sexual contact. HPV viruses tend to survive in hot and humid environments, so the epithelium of the vulva becomes a good habitat for them. Especially men with long foreskin and women with excessive leucorrhea are prone to contracting genital warts if they have unclean sex. In addition to sexual contact, a small number of cases can be infected through indirect contact with items contaminated by genital warts patients, such as underwear, bathtubs, towels, etc.

　　symptom: HPV can only parasitize human epithelial cells, with an incubation period of 3 weeks to half a year. Parasitizes on the epithelium of the genitourinary tract and forms warts. In men, it is more common in the coronal sulcus, both sides of the foreskin frenulum, foreskin, and glans. ； In women, it is more common in the posterior vaginal symphysis, vaginal introitus, and labia majora. It can also be found in the vagina and cervix. In addition, the perianal area is also a common site for genital warts.

　　At the initial stage of the disease, there are small, light red, soft papules, the size of sesame seeds, which are higher than the surface of the skin or mucous membranes, and then slowly proliferate, becoming cauliflower-shaped and chicken combs that merge with each other. There is generally no conscious discomfort, but occasionally itching and discomfort may occur due to inflammatory stimulation.

　　Reasons why genital warts are likely to recur: Genital warts tend to relapse after treatment, and some patients are treated repeatedly, which is very distressing. This is because current treatments mostly destroy warts that are visible to the naked eye, and do not pay attention to the elimination of the source of the disease, the HPV virus. Most of the viruses are in the early stage of disease or in the incubation period, thus becoming a fish that slips through the net. On the other hand, the reason is that only one sexual partner has received treatment, and although the other partner has no visible warts, he is in a carrier state and is still contagious. This is especially prominent in women, because genital warts in women not only occur on the vulva, but also in the vagina and cervix.

　　4. The most harmful sexually transmitted disease - syphilis

　　The causative agent of syphilis is Treponema pallidum.

　　Route of infection: Mainly transmitted through direct sexual contact. If syphilis patients are not treated, they will be most infectious within 1 to 2 years after infection, especially those with genital ulcers and perianal genital warts. It can also be transmitted by close contact with someone with syphilis, such as kissing or sharing bath towels. Another route of infection is mother-to-child transmission.

　　Symptoms: The course of the disease can be divided into three stages. The first stage is 2 to 4 weeks after the virus enters the human body, and an ulcer often appears in the external genital area. Even if the ulcers of primary syphilis are not treated, they can heal without leaving traces after a few weeks, but Treponema pallidum has quietly entered the blood circulation and spread throughout the body. After 6 to 8 weeks, a rash appears on the skin. In fact, the bacteria have invaded various tissues and organs, and it becomes secondary syphilis. Without treatment, the symptoms of secondary syphilis can disappear naturally depending on the patient's own immunity, and most of the germs are eliminated by the collective immune system. But some viruses will lurk and wait for opportunities to strike. Both primary and secondary syphilis occur within two years of infection and are also called early syphilis. If early syphilis is not treated, about half of the patients will develop symptoms of tertiary or late syphilis within 5 to 10 years of external infection. The lesions of tertiary syphilis are deep and destructive, and can occur in the skin, mucous membranes, bones, heart, etc. Invasion of the heart can lead to syphilitic aortic atresia, syphilitic aortic aneurysm, etc., which can lead to heart failure or aortic rupture and death.

　　2. The plague of the 20th century—AIDS

　　AIDS, discovered in the 1980s, is also a sexually transmitted disease. In just over two decades, AIDS has become "invincible" and has swept the world, causing millions of deaths. Therefore, it is also called the "plague of the 20th century." According to statistics from the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, 104,000 new HIV infections and patients were reported in China in 2014. The number of HIV infections in 2014 increased by 14.8% compared with 2013. Due to its large population, China's AIDS epidemic is at a low level in proportion to its prevalence, but in absolute terms it is a country with a severe epidemic.

　　Disease overview

　　HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is a virus that attacks the human immune system. After infection, the human immune system is destroyed, and the body loses its resistance to various infections and tumor diseases. If not treated, it will eventually lead to death. Once the HIV virus enters the human body, it is integrated with the genes of the cells. The human body has no ability to separate it, let alone kill it. The HIV virus becomes a virus that "integrates human genes."

　　Like other viruses, the human immune system produces anti-AIDS antibodies after exposure to HIV, but these antibodies have no protective effect on the human body and cannot prevent the reproduction and spread of HIV. The difference between AIDS and other viruses is that it has a strong mutation ability. One virus can replicate 10 billion viruses in a day, and the probability of genetic mutation is one in 10,000. Therefore, the development of a vaccine is very difficult, and no vaccine has been successfully developed yet.

　　route of infection

　　AIDS is mainly transmitted through three ways: sexual contact, blood route and mother-to-child route. Sexually transmitted: unprotected anal intercourse, vaginal intercourse, oral intercourse. Menstrual blood transmission: transfusion of blood or blood products contaminated with HIV, receipt of organs, semen, etc. from HIV-infected persons. Vertical transmission: An infected woman may pass HIV to her fetus after pregnancy, during childbirth, or during lactation. Sexual transmission is the main way of transmitting AIDS. HIV exists in body fluids, blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. When there is slight damage to the skin and mucous membranes, as long as there is contact with these, it is possible for HIV to enter the body and become infected.

　　clinical symptoms

　　After the human body is infected with HIV, there are no obvious symptoms and signs for a long period of time. Therefore, it is impossible to confirm whether the person is infected based on his or her self-feeling and appearance. Anyone who wants to know whether they are infected with HIV must check their blood for HIV antibodies. Only a positive diagnosis can confirm the diagnosis.

　　But it is a different situation for babies. If the mother is infected with HIV, the baby may be born with HIV antibodies from the mother. If the test result is positive, it does not mean that the fetus has been infected. When the baby reaches 9 to 18 months, maternal antibodies disappear. Therefore, it is recommended that the baby be tested for HIV antibodies at 18 months of age. If the baby is negative, he or she is not infected with HIV.