Six main ways of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases

 　　sexually transmitted disease mode of communication

　　1. Sexual transmission

　　Sexual behavior including kissing and touching can transmit STDs and is the main route of transmission. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, AIDS Viruses, mycoplasma, chlamydia, Trichomonas vaginalis and other pathogens can be present in vaginal secretions and semen. If one sexual partner is ill, the disease can be transmitted to the other partner through sexual intercourse. Although the pathogens of syphilis, genital herpes, and chancroid do not exist in semen, they can be passed on through semen. skin Direct contact with mucous membranes infects each other. women than male more susceptible to infection sexually transmitted diseases . People with excessive foreskin are more susceptible to sexually transmitted diseases.

　　2. Non-sexual contact transmission

　　There are a lot of pathogens in the secretions of STD patients. You may also be infected if you come into indirect contact with clothes, utensils, items, bedding, toilets, etc. that are contaminated by pathogen carriers or patients' urogenital tract secretions.

　　3. Iatrogenic transmission:

　　Improper disinfection of instruments used in medical operations can cause hospital-borne infections. Mainly unsterilized or incompletely sterilized syringes, surgical instruments, and other medical instruments that puncture the skin or mucous membranes, causing the spread between patients and doctors and patients, especially the spread of AIDS, hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

　　4. Blood-borne transmission

　　AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and cytomegalovirus infections can all be transmitted through blood transfusions. The infection rate of transfusion of blood containing the above pathogens can generally be as high as over 95%, and the incubation period is short, the onset is rapid, the symptoms are severe, and there are many complications. The jury is still out on whether hepatitis C can be transmitted through sexual contact.

　　5. Artificial insemination, organ transplantation and sexual violence

　　Artificial insemination and organ transplantation can cause the spread of STDs, especially HIV. Children or adults sometimes contract STDs after being raped.

　　6. Mother-to-child transmission:

　　Intrafetal infection: Treponema pallidum, HIV, hepatitis B virus and herpes simplex virus can be transmitted through the placenta fetus , causing intrauterine infection. Fetal infection usually occurs after 4 months of pregnancy. HIV can pass through the chorioamnion and enter the amniotic cavity, and then be infected through the intestine through the fetus swallowing amniotic fluid, or directly through the mucosa, or the virus can pass through the placental syncytiotrophoblast and be infected through the blood. Transplacental infection of syphilis can cause fetal miscarriage, premature birth , stillbirth or death after birth, even if baby Even if they survive, they often suffer from deformities, mental retardation and other diseases. Fetal transmission of herpes simplex virus can cause fetal death, miscarriage, malformations, encephalitis, intrauterine growth retardation, cataracts, congenital heart disease, etc.

　　Birth canal infection: Although some STDs cannot be transmitted through the placenta, infections can occur when the fetus passes through the birth canal, such as neonatal gonococcal ophthalmia, non-gonococcal infant conjunctivitis, neonatal pneumonia, etc. HIV can also infect the fetus through the birth canal of pregnant women.

　　Postpartum Infections: Postpartum breastfeeding and close contact between mother and baby can cause infections in the baby. If the mother is HIV-infected, the baby can be infected by ingesting HIV-containing breast milk.